Search resultsFactors related to variation in premenopausal bone mineral status: A health promotion approach
Title
Factors related to variation in premenopausal bone mineral status: A health promotion approach
Publication type
Journal Article
Year of Publication
2000
Authors
Journal
Osteoporosis International
Volume
11
Issue
1
Pagination
1 - 24
Date published
2000
ISBN
0937941X (ISSN)
Keywords
Adult, Aged, alcohol, alcohol consumption, Amenorrhea, body composition, body weight, bone atrophy, bone density, bone mass, bone mineral, caffeine, calcium, clinical trial, controlled clinical trial, controlled study, crossover procedure, diet, diet supplementation, eating disorder, endometriosis, Exercise, Female, health promotion, heredity, human, Humans, lactation, Life Style, menarche, menopause, Middle Aged, normal human, oral contraceptive agent, osteoporosis, parity, physical activity, Premenopausal women, premenopause, priority journal, randomized controlled trial, review, risk factor, Risk Factors, smoking, sun exposure, vitamin D, winter
Abstract
Bone loss prior to menopause may contribute to later risk of fracture due to osteoporosis. Women may be able to optimize premenopausal bone mass and/or prevent losses. Heredity, and possibly age at menarche (retrospectively determined), are unmodifiable risk factors and attention should therefore be directed to more amenable factors. Amenorrhea, low body weight, disordered eating, and smoking are modifiable risk factors. Vitamin D is not a factor for premenopausal women who receive incidental sun exposure and consume fortified foods, but supplementation should be considered for others, especially during the winter months. Protective factors include a higher body weight (especially due to increased muscularity), calcium supplementation, and purposeful load-bearing exercise. Positive effects of oral contraceptives are most apparent in women with menstrual irregularities. Reproductive history (parity), lactation, moderate intakes of alcohol and caffeine, and the appropriate treatment of endometriosis have no apparent effect on premenopausal bone.