Search resultsEstimation of daily proanthocyanidin intake and major food sources in the U.S. diet
Title
Estimation of daily proanthocyanidin intake and major food sources in the U.S. diet
Publication type
Journal Article
Year of Publication
2011
Authors
Journal
Journal of Nutrition
Volume
141
Issue
3
Pagination
447 - 452
Date published
2011
ISBN
00223166 (ISSN)
Keywords
Adult, African American, Aged, Aged, 80 and over, aging, alcohol consumption, Alcohol Drinking, article, caloric intake, controlled study, Databases, Factual, diet, dietary intake, dimer, ethnicity, European American, Fabaceae, Female, Food Analysis, food intake, fruit, fruit juice, Hispanic, human, Humans, legume, major clinical study, male, Middle Aged, monomer, Nutrition Surveys, polymer, proanthocyanidin, Proanthocyanidins, Seeds, Sex Characteristics, tea, United States, wine, Young Adult
Abstract
Proanthocyanidins (PA), the polymers of flavan-3-ols, have cardioprotective and cancer preventive properties as shown in clinical studies. The PA intake in a free-living population has not yet been reported, however. We aimed to estimate the dietary intake of PA and identify its major sources by combining the recently released and expanded USDA PA database with food consumption data of 8809 U.S. adults in the NHANES 1999-2002. U.S. adults over 19 y had a total PA intake of 95 mg/d, in the order of polymers (30%), monomers (22%), dimers (16%), 4-6 mers (15%), 7-10 mers (11%), and trimers (5%). When adjusted for energy intake, the total PA intake increased with age (P < 0.001), was higher in women than men (P < 0.01) and in alcohol consumers compared with nonconsumers (P < 0.05), and was lower in non-Hispanic blacks compared with other ethnicities (P<0.001). Three major food sources, tea, legumes, and wines, contributed 45 mg (48%) of daily PA intake. The marked differences in PA intake among various sociodemographic subgroups need further investigation in relation to health disparities and chronic disease prevalence in the US.